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- Open Access
Second order motion compensated spin-echo diffusion tensor imaging of the human heart
https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-17-S1-P81
© Stoeck et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2015
- Published: 3 February 2015
Keywords
- Diffusion Tensor Imaging
- Mean Diffusivity
- Helix Angle
- Peak Systole
- Bulk Motion
Background
Stimulated echo acquisition mode (STEAM) [1] imaging has been used to probe myocardial microstructure in-vivo. However STEAM imaging requires 2 R-R intervals, sophisticated respiratory navigator gating [2] and is subject to myocardial strain [3, 4]. Spin-echo (SE) based single-shot diffusion weighted sequences present an appealing alternative [5, 6]. In this work the sensitivity to bulk motion of cardiac SE diffusion tensor imaging is addressed by using second order motion compensated (MC) diffusion encoding.
Methods
Sequence diagram of first and second order motion compensated (MC) diffusion imaging. A spatial spectral reduced field of view (LL) excitation is used for fat suppression. A variable rate selective excitation (VERSE) echo pulse is used for refocussing.
Results
a) Mean diffusivity (MD) for first and second order motion compensated (MC) diffusion encoding as function of trigger delay. Black lines represent the mean MD across the myocardium and gray the corresponding standard deviation. Solid lines represent the average across volunteers, dashed lines the corresponding standard deviation. The horizontal dashed lines indicate a range of minimum MD and 2.05×10-4mm2/s above. b) Example helix angle maps at basal level (top) for different trigger delays (% peak systole) and first as well as second order motion compensated (MC) diffusion encoding. c) Transmural helix angle histograms for apex and base. The box represents the 50% percentile and error bars the 90% percentile across the myocardium at different transmural depths.
Conclusions
Second order motion compensated cardiac SE diffusion encoding significantly decreases the sensitivity to bulk motion compared to first order motion compensated diffusion gradients across the heart.
Funding
Swiss National Science Foundation, grant #CR3213_132671/1, EU FP7 Marie-Curie fellowship to MG, UK EPSRC, grant EP/I018700/1.
Authors’ Affiliations
References
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- Nguyen : MRM. 2013Google Scholar
Copyright
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.