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Validation of a novel dark-blood delayed enhancement technique for the detection of papillary muscle scar
Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance volume 18, Article number: Q6 (2016)
Background
Papillary muscle scarring may result in mitral regurgitation and may be foci for ventricular arrhythmias. However, papillary muscle scarring may be difficult to detect with delayed enhancement MRI (DE-MRI) since there is often poor contrast between hyperenhanced tissue and immediately adjacent bright blood pool. We have developed a new, Flow-Independent Dark-blood DeLayed Enhancement technique (FIDDLE) that increases conspicuity of areas of myocardial scar adjacent to the blood pool. We validated FIDDLE in detecting papillary muscle scar in an animal model of myocardial infarction (MI) and demonstrate feasibility in patients with MI.
Methods
We used a canine model of MI which results in both papillary muscle and LV wall infarction. CMR was performed 1 week to 6 months following MI at 3T (Siemens Verio). FIDDLE and standard DE-MRI were acquired in an interleaved fashion 10-20 minutes after Gadolinium administration (0.2 mmol/kg) using matched parameters (eg. slice thickness: 7 mm, in-plane resolution: 1.2 × 1.0, etc.). Following CMR, hearts were stained with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to provide a gold standard histopathology reference. FIDDLE and DE were performed blinded to subject identity and pathology. MI patients had enzymatically confirmed MI and x-ray coronary angiography confirmed the infarct related artery (IRA). In patients, imaging and analysis were performed similar to that for canines.
Results
Black-blood images were successfully acquired with FIDDLE in all animals (n = 22) and patients (n = 19). Representative images of papillary muscle scarring are shown in Figure. FIDDLE provided improved sensitivity and accuracy compared to DE-MRI for the detection of papillary muscle scaring in animals (both p = 0.03; Table). In patients, 22/42 papillary muscles were found to have scar by FIDDLE, whereas only 2/42 were found by DE-MRI. FIDDLE identified 9 papillary muscles that were entirely scarred throughout. In these, DE-MRI not only failed to identify papillary muscle scar, but the papillary muscle itself was missed entirely (Figure 1, bottom).
Conclusions
This is the first study comparing contrast enhanced MRI to gold standard pathology for the detection of papillary muscle scarring. We show that DE-MRI is often insensitive for detecting papillary muscle scarring. Conversely, FIDDLE is superior to DE-MRI for the detection of papillary muscle scarring, and appears to have high accuracy when compared to pathology.
References
Han , et al: Am J Cardiol. 2010
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
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Wendell, D., Jenista, E., Rehwald, W.G. et al. Validation of a novel dark-blood delayed enhancement technique for the detection of papillary muscle scar. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 18 (Suppl 1), Q6 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-18-S1-Q6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-18-S1-Q6
Keywords
- Myocardial Infarction
- Mitral Regurgitation
- Papillary Muscle
- Blood Pool
- Myocardial Scar