Table 2 4D CMR sequence parameters
From: Four-dimensional flow cardiovascular magnetic resonance in tetralogy of Fallot: a systematic review
Study | Field (Tesla) | Scanner type | Acc type | Acceleration factor | Sampling resolution (mm) | Temporal resolution (ms) | Flip angle | No. of phases | VENC (cm/s) | Scan time (min) | Contrast | Respiratory gating | Cardiac gating | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
In-Plane | Slice | In-Plane | Slice | (°) | (n) | ||||||||||
Nordmeyer et al. [11] | 3 | Phiips Achieva | No | No | No | 2.5–2.6 | 2.5 | NS | 5 | 24 | 150–400 | 8.6 ± 1.2 | No | Yes and No | Retro |
Van der Hulst et al. [26] | 1.5 | Philips Intera | EPI | 5 | No | 2.9–3.8 | 4 | NS | 10 | 30 | 150 | NS | No | No | Retro |
Geiger et al. [18] | 1.5/3 | Siemens Avanto or Trio | GRAPPA | 2 | No | 1.7–3.2 | 1.6– 2.5 | 37.6–40.8 | 7–15 | NS | 150–200 | 10–20 | No | Yes (ADNG) | Pro |
Hsiao et al. [10] | 1.5 | GE TwinSpeed | GRAPPA | 2 | No | 0.9–2.3 | 3–5 | 33–42 | 15 | NS | 150–400 | 9–21 | Gd | No (EXORCIST) | NS |
Hsiao et al. [42] | 1.5 | GE TwinSpeed | PICS | 1.4–2.2 | 1.4–2.2 | 0.8–1.8 | 1.2–3.4 | 31–86 | 15 | NS | 120–350 | 5–15 | Gd | No (EXORCIST) | NS |
Hsiao et al. [9] | 1.5 | GE TwinSpeed | PI | 2 | No | 1.2–2.3 | 3–4 | 29–64 | 15 | NS | 150–500 | 4–14 | Gd | No | NS |
Hsiao et al. [9]* | 1.5 | GE TwinSpeed | PICS | 1.6–2.2 | 1.6–2.2 | 0.8–1.7 | 2–3.4 | 33–86 | 15 | NS | 150–300 | 7–15 | Gd | No | NS |
François et al. [19] | 1.5/3 | GE HDx or MR750 | PC VIPR | NS | NS | 1.0–1.3 | 1.02–1.25 | 25–44 | 7–20 | NS | 40–400 | 9–17 | Gd in CHD only | Yes (ADNG) | Retro |
Tariq et al. [20] | 1.5 | GE TwinSpeed | PICS | 2.0–2.2 | 2.0–2.2 | NS | NS | 53 | 15 | NS | 150–350 | 7–15 | Gd | No (EXORCIST) | NS |
Nordmeyer et al. [27] | 1.5/3 | Philips Achieva | SENSE | 2 | NS | 2.5 | 2.5 | NS | 5 | 24 | 150–500 | 7–20 | No | No | Retro |
Giese et al. [22] | 1.5 | Philips Achieva | k-t SENSE/k-t PCA | 2–12 |  | 1.2–2.5/1.4–2.5 | 1.7–2.5 | 24–32 | 6 | 24 | 130–400 | 4–8 | No | Yes | Retro |
Jeong et al. [36] | 1.5/3 | GE HDx or MR750 | PC VIPR | NS | NS | 1.3 | NS | 35–44/25–27 | NS | NS | 40–400 | 9–17 | Gd | Yes | Retro |
Hsiao et al. [28] | 1.5 | GE TwinSpeed | PICS | 1.6–2.2 | 1.6–2.2 | 0.8–1.9 | 2–3.4 | 33–86 | 15 | 20 | 150–300 | 7–5 | Gd | No (EXORCIST) | NS |
Gabbour et al. [21] | 1.5 | Siemens Avanto or Aera | GRAPPA/k-t GRAPPA | 2/5 | NS | 2.7–4.1 | 2.0–3.5 | 37–40 | 15 | 9–24 | 100–250 | 13 ± 5 | Gd | Yes (ADNG) | Pro |
Hussaini et al. [37] | 3 | GE MR750 | PC VIPR | NS | NS | 1.32 | 1.32 | NS | 8 | 20 | 150 | NS | No | Yes | Retro |
Hirtlir et al. [12] | 1.5/3 | Siemens Avanto or Trio | No | No | No | 1.6–3.2 | 2.4–3.6 | 38–41 | 15 | NS | 150–200 | 10–20 | Gd in CHD only | Yes (ADNG) | Pro |
Hanneman et al. [29] | 3 | GE MR750 | PICS | 2.4 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 73–226 | 15 | - | 150–300 | 5–13 | Ferumoxytol | No | Retro |
Chelu et al. [30] | 1.5/3 | GE MR450 or MR750 | PICS | 2 | 2 | 1.8–2.1 | 2.8 | 60 | 15 | - | 250 | 8–10 | Gd | No | Semi-Retro |
Fredriksson et al. [31] | 1.5 | Philips Achieva | SENSE | 2 | No | 2.8–3 | 2.8–3 | 48–49 | 8 | NS | 100–120 | 15–20 | No | Yes (ADNG) | Retro |
Driessen et al. [23] | 1.5 | Philips Ingenia | EPI | 5 | No | 3.4–3.7 | 3.5 | NS | 10° | 30 | 150 | 3.5–7 | No | No | Retro |
Sjoberg et al. [33] | 1.5 | Philips Achieva or Siemens Aera | SENSE | 2 | No | 3 | 3 | 45 | 8 | 40 | 100 | NS | No | NS | Retro |
Sjoberg et al. [32] | 1.5 | Philips Achieva or Siemens Aera | SENSE | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 45 | 8 | 40 | 100 | NS | Gd in CHD only | No | Retro |
Robinson et al. [34] | 1.5 | Siemens Avanto or Aera | NS | NS | NS | 1.4–4.5 | 1.4–3.5 | 36–45 | 15 | NS | 100–250 | NS | Gd | NS | NS |
Lee et al. [58] | 3 | GE Trio | NS | NS | NS | 2.1–1.6 | 3 | 41–60 | 15 | NS | 200 | NS | NS | Yes (ADNG) | NS |
Isorni et al. [25] | 1.5 | GE Discovery MR450 | NS | NS | NS | 2.1 | 2.4 | NS | 10 | 30 | 200–400 | NS | Gd | No | Retro |
Jacobs et al. [24] | 1.5 | GE Optima 450 W | PICS | 2.4 | 4.4 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 45–73 | 15 | 20 | 250 | NS | Gd | No | Retro |
Schafer et al. [35] | 3 | Philips Ingenia | NS | NS | NS | 2 | 2–2.8 | 38–48 | 10 | 14–16 | 150 | 10–12 | No | Yes (ADNG) | Retro |