- Workshop presentation
- Open Access
A subspace approach to blind coil sensitivity estimation in parallel MRI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1532-429X-16-S1-W1
© Gungor et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014
- Published: 16 January 2014
Keywords
- Finite Impulse Response
- Image Domain
- Coil Sensitivity
- Deconvolution Problem
- Blind Image
Background
In parallel MRI, subsampled k-space data are simultaneously collected by multiple coils. Each coil introduces a sensitivity map (CSM) that is multiplied pointwise with the single image to be reconstructed. In ESPIRiT [1], for each pixel location in each coil, an eigen-decomposition is applied to small matrices to obtain CSMs. However, this approach can be time-consuming for larger imaging problems. Here, we exploit smoothness of the coil sensitivities in the image domain to model them as small finite impulse response (FIR) filters in k-space as in PRUNO [2]. Since pointwise-multiplication in image domain corresponds to convolution in k-space, parallel MRI problem can be expressed as a blind image deconvolution problem; consequently, a subspace approach [3] can be used to estimate the k-space coefficients of the CSMs.
Methods
If yi, x and hi represent fully sampled k-space data, true image, and k-space coefficients of the ith CSM, then the problem can be written as yi = x*hi = Xhi. Further, the multichannel convolution can be written as Y = XH. Thus, if x has full rank, then the null-space of Y is equivalent to the null-space of H. As a result, the null-space (equivalently row-space) vectors used to reconstruct yi from subsampled data in PRUNO, can be used for the estimation of k-space coefficients of CSMs efficiently using the following optimization problem: h = argmaxh ||Vh||2+μ||Rh||2, where R represents a low-pass filter, and V involves convolution matrices of filters obtained from rowspace vectors. For validation, real-time, free-breathing 3-fold cine data were collected on a 3T Siemens scanner with matrix size 161 × 144 × 12 × 48. For CSM estimation, a 161 × 24 fully sampled k-space was obtained from 3 consecutive time frames. Among 432 singular values, the largest 70 were used as row-space vectors. A Gaussian function was selected for the low-pass R. The eigenvector associated with the largest eigenvalue of VHV+μ RHR was calculated to yield the 8 × 8 estimated k-space coefficients of the CSMs for μ = 5. Finally, the sensitivities were normalized with their square-root sum-of-squares (SoS) image.
Results
Left: estimated coil sensitivity for one of 12 coils; Right: estimate normalized by the sum-of-squares of the estimated sensitivities.
SENSE reconstructions from the estimated sensitivities on the left and their SoS normalized versions on the right. Red arrow points to a strong artifact.
Conclusions
The proposed k-space approach for CSM estimation using subspace methods and a simple normalization provides both low computational complexity and the flexibility to incorporate both regularization and a low-dimensional parameterization of the smooth CSMs.
Funding
This work was supported by DARPA/ONR grant N66001-10-1-4090.
Authors’ Affiliations
References
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Copyright
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.